山西預應力管樁技術在民用建筑中的應用

目前我(wo)們民用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)基礎，常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)一般為(wei)先(xian)張(zhang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)工(gong)(gong)藝制作的(de)(de)預(yu)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)高強混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)（即(ji)PHC樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)）和預(yu)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)（即(ji)PC樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)）兩種，此兩兩種預(yu)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)均(jun)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)非抗震和抗震烈度(du)6至7度(du)的(de)(de)地(di)區(qu)。預(yu)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)高強混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)一般樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)徑(jing)有(you)(you)300 mm、400 mm、500 mm、600 mm、800 mm、1000 mm，預(yu)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)一般樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)徑(jing)有(you)(you)300 mm、400 mm、500 mm、550 mm、600 mm，均(jun)是薄(bo)壁(bi)預(yu)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)預(yu)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)過程中，對于(yu)每節管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)都(dou)要(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)表面距端(duan)頭(tou)1.0米左(zuo)右的(de)(de)地(di)方標(biao)識(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)廠(chang)(chang)家(jia)、產(chan)(chan)牌、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)日期、外徑(jing)、壁(bi)厚、長度(du)型號等(deng)(deng)出廠(chang)(chang)標(biao)記。預(yu)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)接頭(tou)，過去個別(bie)廠(chang)(chang)家(jia)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)品均(jun)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)蘭盤螺栓聯結(jie)(jie)，現在(zai)(zai)(zai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)施工(gong)(gong)中幾(ji)乎全(quan)部采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)端(duan)頭(tou)板電(dian)焊(han)聯結(jie)(jie)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。預(yu)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)沉樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)(you)多(duo)種，在(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)國國內民用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)建(jian)筑(zhu)施工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)主要(yao)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)包括錘(chui)擊法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、靜(jing)(jing)壓(ya)(ya)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、震動法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、射水(shui)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、預(yu)鉆孔法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)及中掘(jue)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)等(deng)(deng)，而(er)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)靜(jing)(jing)壓(ya)(ya)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)居多(duo)。由于(yu)柴油機(ji)(ji)錘(chui)打(da)沉樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)時震動劇烈且噪(zao)音(yin)大(da)，為(wei)適(shi)應(ying)市區(qu)施工(gong)(gong)需要(yao)，近幾(ji)年(nian)來我(wo)國各地(di)開(kai)發應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了大(da)噸位的(de)(de)靜(jing)(jing)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)壓(ya)(ya)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)施壓(ya)(ya)預(yu)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝，從而(er)大(da)大(da)推動了預(yu)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)國城市民用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)和發展。

1.1 一(yi)般(ban)情況下，預應(ying)(ying)力(li)管(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)技術的(de)應(ying)(ying)用要求施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)現場的(de)機械化(hua)程度(du)較(jiao)高，不會發(fa)生鉆(zhan)孔(kong)灌注樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)工(gong)地(di)泥漿滿地(di)流的(de)臟(zang)污情況，也(ye)不會出現人工(gong)挖孔(kong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)工(gong)地(di)到處抽(chou)水和(he)堆土運土的(de)忙(mang)亂景象，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)24小時連續施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)速度(du)快，一(yi)臺打樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機每臺班至少可(ke)(ke)(ke)打7 - 8 根(gen)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)完(wan)成20000 kN 以(yi)上承載(zai)力(li)的(de)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)基(ji)工(gong)程。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)建設工(gong)期縮短，創造了時間效益(yi)，從而(er)降低工(gong)程造價(jia)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)中由于(yu)(yu)(yu)壓(ya)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)引起的(de)應(ying)(ying)力(li)較(jiao)小，且樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身在(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程中不會出現拉應(ying)(ying)力(li)，樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)頭一(yi)般(ban)都完(wan)好無(wu)損(sun)，復壓(ya)較(jiao)為(wei)容易。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)過程中的(de)擠壓(ya)作用，管(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)單樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)承載(zai)力(li)要比同樣直徑的(de)沉管(guan)(guan)(guan)灌注樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)或(huo)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)灌注樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)高。因為(wei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)節(jie)長(chang)短不一(yi)，通常4 - 16m一(yi)節(jie)，搭(da)配靈(ling)活，接(jie)長(chang)方(fang)便，在(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)現場可(ke)(ke)(ke)隨時根(gen)據地(di)質條件的(de)變(bian)化(hua)調整接(jie)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)長(chang)度(du)，節(jie)省用樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)量。運輸吊裝方(fang)便，接(jie)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)快捷(jie)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)節(jie)長(chang)一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)13 m以(yi)內，樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身又有預壓(ya)應(ying)(ying)力(li)，起吊時用特(te)制的(de)吊鉤勾住管(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)兩端就(jiu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)方(fang)便地(di)吊起來(lai)。

1.2 對于(yu)預應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)高(gao)強(qiang)混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量，著重檢(jian)查混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)抗壓(ya)強(qiang)度(du)是(shi)(shi)否達到(dao)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)要求(qiu)(qiu)。管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)觀(guan)如(ru)是(shi)(shi)否存在(zai)(zai)表面(mian)(mian)裂(lie)縫、樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)端面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)整度(du)、樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎曲度(du)、壁厚、樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)外(wai)徑(jing)等(deng)指標也均(jun)應(ying)符合(he)(he)標準和(he)(he)(he)規范要求(qiu)(qiu)。要認真(zhen)檢(jian)查進場管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量保(bao)證書、合(he)(he)格證、檢(jian)測(ce)報(bao)告等(deng)是(shi)(shi)否齊全(quan)和(he)(he)(he)符合(he)(he)要求(qiu)(qiu)。預應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)高(gao)強(qiang)混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)運輸和(he)(he)(he)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)放(fang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，應(ying)考慮自重和(he)(he)(he)支(zhi)點設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)變化可(ke)(ke)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)體(ti)(ti)內(nei)產(chan)生(sheng)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小不(bu)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)力(li)(li)(li)。要求(qiu)(qiu)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)放(fang)管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場地必須平(ping)整、堅實，并(bing)應(ying)有排水(shui)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)；底(di)層(ceng)管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)均(jun)應(ying)按(an)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)要求(qiu)(qiu)設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)墊木，并(bing)擋以楔(xie)形木防止滾動。管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)放(fang)層(ceng)數應(ying)符合(he)(he)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)要求(qiu)(qiu)，嚴禁層(ceng)間墊木上(shang)下錯位設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)。管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)應(ying)按(an)計(ji)(ji)劃分(fen)(fen)批進場，分(fen)(fen)類(lei)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)放(fang)，并(bing)應(ying)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)總平(ping)面(mian)(mian)圖和(he)(he)(he)打(da)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)順序，在(zai)(zai)不(bu)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)行走情況(kuang)下，盡(jin)量靠近(jin)(jin)打(da)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)區(qu)域(yu)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)放(fang)，以避(bi)免二次盤樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)等(deng)。對于(yu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)壓(ya)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)械(xie)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)，一(yi)般要根據(ju)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)單樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)承(cheng)載(zai)(zai)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)具(ju)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資料選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)合(he)(he)理(li)噸位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)型。如(ru)果壓(ya)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)噸位選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)過(guo)小，可(ke)(ke)能(neng)出現(xian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)壓(ya)不(bu)下去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)，無(wu)法滿足設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)要求(qiu)(qiu)；如(ru)果壓(ya)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)噸位選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)過(guo)大(da)，則(ze)對施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場地耐力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)(qiu)將(jiang)大(da)幅提高(gao)，特別在(zai)(zai)新填土(tu)(tu)、耕植土(tu)(tu)及(ji)積(ji)水(shui)浸泡過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場地施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)易發生(sheng)陷(xian)機(ji)，可(ke)(ke)能(neng)造成樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)位偏移大(da)，斜樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)，甚(shen)至樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)頭、樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)破(po)損、上(shang)下節(jie)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)接頭斷裂(lie)，或上(shang)部樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)體(ti)(ti)被擠(ji)壞等(deng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量事故。沉(chen)(chen)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝，通常采用預鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)打(da)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝，即先(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)地面(mian)(mian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)位處鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，然后在(zai)(zai)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)中(zhong)插入預應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)高(gao)強(qiang)混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)，壓(ya)至設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)標高(gao)。預鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)深度(du)和(he)(he)(he)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)與(yu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)長(chang)、土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、臨近(jin)(jin)建(jian)筑(zhu)物距離等(deng)因素有關，以不(bu)致明顯影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)單樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)承(cheng)載(zai)(zai)力(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)陷(xian)機(ji)為(wei)原則(ze)；實際工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中(zhong)通常鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)深度(du)在(zai)(zai)1／3樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)長(chang)，鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)比樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)徑(jing)小100 mm 左右(you)；對于(yu)大(da)噸位樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，應(ying)慎重使用，送樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)應(ying)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)回填。為(wei)了保(bao)護(hu)(hu)附近(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)物等(deng)，群(qun)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)宜采取(qu)由近(jin)(jin)而遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)理(li)沉(chen)(chen)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)施(shi)(shi)打(da)順序。要據(ju)情況(kuang)考慮適(shi)當控制壓(ya)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)速度(du)，為(wei)超靜孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)隙水(shui)壓(ya)力(li)(li)(li)消散提供合(he)(he)適(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間，這(zhe)樣做有可(ke)(ke)能(neng)會(hui)延長(chang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期，但有時(shi)(shi)(shi)還是(shi)(shi)需(xu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。對于(yu)預應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)先(xian)(xian)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)維護(hu)(hu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)，主要是(shi)(shi)采取(qu)沿被保(bao)護(hu)(hu)建(jian)筑(zhu)物等(deng)外(wai)圍打(da)設(she)(she)(she)防護(hu)(hu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)或者先(xian)(xian)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)較深基坑周圍支(zhi)圍護(hu)(hu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)（如(ru)鋼板樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)、地下連續墻(qiang)等(deng)），利用其(qi)約束沉(chen)(chen)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擠(ji)土(tu)(tu)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)，此時(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)需(xu)與(yu)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)緊密結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)，保(bao)證足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎承(cheng)載(zai)(zai)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)性。同時(shi)(shi)(shi)必需(xu)采取(qu)有關措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)如(ru)可(ke)(ke)采用井(jing)點降水(shui)、設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)隔離砂井(jing)、預鉆(zhan)(zhan)排水(shui)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)等(deng)方法減小孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)隙水(shui)壓(ya)力(li)(li)(li)，但是(shi)(shi)必須注意降排水(shui)會(hui)引(yin)起土(tu)(tu)體(ti)(ti)固結(jie)(jie)、孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)隙水(shui)壓(ya)力(li)(li)(li)分(fen)(fen)布梯度(du)改變，可(ke)(ke)能(neng)帶來意外(wai)事故，應(ying)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)具(ju)體(ti)(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)情況(kuang)，慎重采用。

1.3 在預應(ying)力(li)管(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段(duan)的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)是(shi)保證工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)途徑(jing)之一(yi)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位作為工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)形(xing)成的(de)主體(ti)，必須要(yao)(yao)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)負完全地(di)責(ze)任。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位要(yao)(yao)設(she)(she)立(li)專門(men)主管(guan)(guan)(guan)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)技(ji)術負責(ze)人，以(yi)(yi)協助管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)者加(jia)強施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，并(bing)建(jian)立(li)健全質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)職(zhi)能機構(gou)體(ti)系，監督(du)、控制(zhi)與(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)各(ge)級施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織加(jia)強質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。要(yao)(yao)根(gen)據工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)特點，結合(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織設(she)(she)計的(de)編制(zhi)內容，制(zhi)定項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)計劃目(mu)(mu)標，將工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)目(mu)(mu)標層層分解(jie)和落實(shi)，落實(shi)到(dao)個人，并(bing)監督(du)完成本職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)要(yao)(yao)求和具體(ti)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)標準。材料(liao)(liao)、構(gou)配(pei)(pei)件(jian)和設(she)(she)備是(shi)性(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程組(zu)成部分，對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)影響。凡(fan)是(shi)進(jin)入(ru)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)的(de)材料(liao)(liao)、構(gou)配(pei)(pei)件(jian)和設(she)(she)備，生(sheng)產廠家都(dou)要(yao)(yao)提供完整(zheng)的(de)相關質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)合(he)(he)格(ge)文(wen)件(jian)，即產品合(he)(he)格(ge)證、技(ji)術說明書、質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)證明等。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)檢(jian)部門(men)和試驗(yan)(yan)部門(men)要(yao)(yao)對現(xian)(xian)場(chang)的(de)材料(liao)(liao)、構(gou)配(pei)(pei)件(jian)和設(she)(she)備進(jin)行逐項(xiang)檢(jian)查。凡(fan)是(shi)不(bu)符(fu)合(he)(he)設(she)(she)計文(wen)件(jian)和圖(tu)紙(zhi)要(yao)(yao)求等，不(bu)符(fu)合(he)(he)合(he)(he)同文(wen)件(jian)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)條款要(yao)(yao)求的(de)，一(yi)律(lv)不(bu)能使用，并(bing)清出現(xian)(xian)場(chang)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中(zhong)應(ying)按照工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)計劃實(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)過(guo)程控制(zhi)，每道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)之間的(de)銜接要(yao)(yao)明確(que)(que)交接確(que)(que)認制(zhi)度(du)(du)。特殊部位或關鍵施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)要(yao)(yao)實(shi)行施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)認可(ke)簽字制(zhi)度(du)(du)。在施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)在中(zhong)如有發現(xian)(xian)不(bu)符(fu)合(he)(he)規范規程作業或施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)不(bu)合(he)(he)格(ge)的(de)情況，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)勒令施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)隊停工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)整(zheng)改。對于(yu)建(jian)立(li)有關施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)記(ji)錄(lu)資料(liao)(liao)制(zhi)度(du)(du)也是(shi)非常有必要(yao)(yao)的(de)，因為質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)資料(liao)(liao)是(shi)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)活動(dong)的(de)記(ji)錄(lu)，它可(ke)以(yi)(yi)詳細(xi)地(di)記(ji)錄(lu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)活動(dong)的(de)全過(guo)程，不(bu)僅對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)有重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)作用，而(er)且對竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、投(tou)產運行、完工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)后(hou)的(de)維修管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)都(dou)是(shi)有用的(de)記(ji)錄(lu)資料(liao)(liao)。

2 結束語

山西預應力管樁技術在施工應用方面的影響因素還是比較多的，施工過程中對質量控制稍有不慎就會導致質量問題和隱患的出現。通過以上內容對預應力管樁技術在民用建筑中的應用分析，只有通過在預應力管樁的施工全過程中采用正確的施工工藝并嚴格控制施工質量，才能發揮預應力管樁應用的施工效果。